Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the past, environmental law issues were in the civil realm starting from the emergence of the Trails Melter case between the United States and Canada. But the development of the era that feels that the world belongs to all, not the privatization of a particular country, has resulted in a consensus to form declarations to protect the environment; starting from Stockholm, then the Rio de Jeneiro Declaration, the Declaration in Japan, to the development of regulations in Indonesia up to Law Number 32 of 2009. This study critically examines the criminalization of community activists opposing the construction of The Rayja Hotel over the sacred Gemulo spring in Batu, Malang. This research used a qualitative case study methodology. It explores the tensions between environmental justice and state-sanctioned development and highlights the abuse of law through informal and formal legal mechanisms against public interest advocates. Primary data from interviews and secondary sources from theses and journal articles indicate that criminal charges and civil litigation are used to silence environmental dissent, in violation of Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection. The findings call for strengthened legal protection for environmental activism and an enforceable human rights framework for communities defending natural resources.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".