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Record W4415764023 · doi:10.7759/cureus.95890

Schizophrenia: What We Know and What We Are Yet to Know

2025· article· en· W4415764023 on OpenAlexaff
David Chinonyerem, Promise T Awe, Chisom O Okaro

Bibliographic record

VenueCureus · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicSchizophrenia research and treatment
Canadian institutionsUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatchewan Health Authority
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSchizophrenia (object-oriented programming)Extant taxonClinical PracticeCritical appraisalMedical literatureFocus (optics)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Schizophrenia is an intricate mental disorder characterized by psychosis. The condition typically emerges during late adolescence and early adulthood, often persisting throughout a lifetime. The condition is understood to arise from a complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the extant knowledge state on schizophrenia through critical appraisal and integration of evidence from various domains, including neurobiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, therapeutic interventions, and environmental risk factors. We conducted an in-depth literature search on various medical databases, including PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for peer-reviewed articles focusing on schizophrenia. The study findings indicate that schizophrenia is a highly heterogeneous disorder attributable to complex interactions between neurobiological, genetic, and environmental factors, which make its diagnosis and treatment difficult. In our future studies, we intend to focus on interdisciplinary approaches and translation of molecular discoveries into clinical practice to improve diagnosis and treatment interventions, as well as reduce the schizophrenia burden.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.013
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.053
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.013
Threshold uncertainty score0.070

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0130.053
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0060.002
Bibliometrics0.0070.007
Science and technology studies0.0010.004
Scholarly communication0.0060.014
Open science0.0020.003
Research integrity0.0050.005
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.002

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.311
Teacher spread0.292 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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