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Record W4415774541 · doi:10.1080/13603116.2025.2581756

‘The field was finally kind of level’: nonspeaking autistic students’ perspectives on foundational elements of inclusive virtual learning

2025· article· en· W4415774541 on OpenAlexaffabout
Casey Woodfield, Jennifer A. McIlvaine

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Inclusive Education · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldNeuroscience
TopicAutism Spectrum Disorder Research
Canadian institutionsReach Technologies (Canada)
FundersRowan University
KeywordsField (mathematics)Inclusion (mineral)AutismLearning disabilityVirtual learning environmentElectronic learningQualitative research

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a swift global shift to virtual learning, raising concerns about ensuring inclusive education for students with disabilities. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) users have unique access needs in virtual settings. This study examines lessons learned from pandemic virtual learning experiences of eleven nonspeaking autistic students ages twelve to twenty-two who type, spell, and point to communicate. Students’ educational contexts ranged from middle school through college within the United States, Australia, and Canada. Using an optimistic qualitative approach, we explored how virtual learning can inclusively meet the needs and preferences of nonspeaking autistic students. Our analysis underscored that foundational elements of inclusive virtual learning involve: Connections between competence, communication, and context; Rethinking structures that privilege speech and; Centring and affirming neurodiversity. These findings, informed by nonspeaking autistic students’ perspectives, can enhance inclusive virtual learning by design, and have broader implications for in-person, hybrid, and yet-to-be-imagined contexts.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.009
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.647
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.009
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.020
GPT teacher head0.412
Teacher spread0.393 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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