Energy balance in cyclists on plant‐based diets during a 30‐day, 4300‐km ride across Canada: Two case studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The popularity of ultra-endurance events and plant-based diets highlights the importance of understanding the energetics of athletes with diverse dietary preferences. This study examined energy balance in two recreational cyclists on plant-based diets (male, 41 years; female, 38 years) during a 30-day cross-Canada ride. Resting energy expenditure was measured via whole-room indirect calorimetry before and after the ride. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed using doubly labeled water during the first and last weeks of the ride and used to calculate physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and physical activity level (PAL). Body composition was assessed with deuterium dilution, and dietary intake was recorded using food scales, written records, and photographs. Cyclists averaged 154.8 ± 24.0 km/day early and 118.2 ± 25.3 km/day late in the ride. Body weight showed minimal variation, but the male's fat mass decreased by 2.3 kg and fat-free mass increased by 1.4 kg. Both cyclists increased energy intake (female: +421 kcal/day; male: +761 kcal/day), with protein intake >2.3 g/kg/day. TEE increased in the female (+683 kcal/day) but remained relatively stable in the male (-137 kcal/day), driven by PAEE. PAL remained high (female: 3.71-4.11; male: 3.76-3.94). These findings highlight the high energy demands of ultra-endurance cycling and the need for tailored strategies, particularly for athletes on plant-based diets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".