The 2021 South Sandwich Islands tsunami: from the Antarctic to the far Northeast corner of the Pacific Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The major earthquake sequence that struck near the South Sandwich Islands in the Antarctic sector of the Atlantic Ocean on August 12, 2021, began with a magnitude M w 7.5 rupture at 18:33 UTC, followed by a more intense M w 8.1–8.3 mainshock three minutes later. The tsunami generated by this complex event spread throughout the World Ocean, where, in the northeast Pacific Ocean, it was observed in such distal regions as California, British Columbia and the Aleutian Islands, 15,000–18,000 km from the source area. Tsunami waves recorded by multiple oceanic sensors show that the tsunami arrived at the coast of Vancouver Island about 23 h after the earthquake and then two hours later at coastal Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The 10–20 min period waves that dominated both the coastal and open-ocean tsunami waveforms appear to be tightly associated with the source properties. A numerical model developed for the event closely reproduces the open-ocean records. To achieve this close agreement between the observed and modelled tsunami waveforms in deep water, we adjusted the model to account for the dispersion that occurred during propagation of the waves across the Pacific Ocean. Our findings further show that kinematic models commonly used for tsunami warnings (and based solely on “dead-reckoning” estimates of wave front trajectories) give for far-field events earlier estimated arrival times (ETAs) than the measurable arrival times (TAs) of the tsunami waves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".