Visuospatial-based block-building training for improving emotion understanding and theory of mind in 4.5-year-olds.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
= 2.53 months; 53% girls) from Hong Kong participated in a pretest-posttest training study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions: (a) block building with verbal cues, (b) block building with visual-verbal cues, or (c) dialogic reading. Each group received 1.5-hr weekly sessions for 6 weeks. Posttraining assessments showed significant gains in visuospatial perspective-taking and social-cognitive abilities, particularly among children in the block-building group with visual-verbal cues. Notably, the visuospatial-based training was as effective as the language-based approach in improving emotion understanding and theory of mind. These findings illuminate the interconnectedness of visuospatial perspective-taking and sociocognitive abilities and suggest that embodied simulation mechanisms may underlie psychological perspective taking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".