An Operational Daily-Filtered Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory F10.7 cm Solar Radio Flux Product
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The F10.7 solar radio flux density, or F10.7, is a disk-integrated measure of the Sun’s total emission at 10.7 cm (2.8 GHz) and is a widely-used proxy of solar activity. F10.7 emissions primarily originate from the Sun’s upper chromosphere and lower corona. High-frequency, transient “radio bursts” can dramatically increase the magnitude of F10.7 emission over seconds-to-minutes timescales relative to the slower changes at daily and longer timescales attributed to active region variations during the solar cycle. Accordingly, it follows that applications using F10.7 as a proxy for the broad solar activity level could benefit from a daily F10.7 record that excludes burst events. One representative application is the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record (CDR) that uses F10.7 to estimate the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) component (< 115 nm) of an operational daily solar spectral irradiance (SSI) record spanning ~0 nm to 200,000 nm from 1874 to present day. For the NOAA/NCEI CDR, the definitive source of F10.7 emission is the National Research Council of Canada observations made up to three times per day from, in recent years, the Dominion Radio Astrophysics Observatory (DRAO) near Penticton, British Columbia. In this work, we describe a new operational algorithm that applies a threshold approach to output a single, near-noon, and ideally burst-free daily F10.7 value from the DRAO observations. We evaluate the algorithm’s performance by comparing the output to direct F10.7 observations, to independent filtering approaches, and to F10.7 models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".