Determinants of metabolic syndrome in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) is an emerging concern in Africa, but its underlying causes remain unclear. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies published between January 2000 and June 2025 to synthesize evidence on the determinants of MetS among PLHIV in Africa. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched for studies reporting determinants of MetS among PLHIV in Africa. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data, and the risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: ) (POR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.83-9.33). HIV-positive status showed significant effect (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09), while smoking (POR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.48-2.70) and physical activity (POR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.35-2.80) were not significantly associated. Substantial heterogeneity was observed for BMI, smoking, and physical activity. Conclusion: Female sex, alcohol consumption, and elevated BMI emerged as consistent determinants of MetS among PLHIV in Africa. These findings highlight the importance of proactively integrating, context-specific strategies for metabolic risk management into HIV care to address the rising burden of cardiometabolic disease in the region. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251066865, PROSPERO CRD420251066865.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it