An interim analysis of the influence of eating disorder risk, body dissatisfaction, physical activity, and diet on bone mineral density in college-aged females
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background This study aimed to examine relationships between BMD z-scores, eating disorder (ED) risk, body image dissatisfaction (BID), physical activity, and dietary intake in college females.Methods College-aged females (n = 20, age: 19 ± 1 yrs, weight: 58 ± 9 kg, BF%: 29 ± 6%) participated in this cross-sectional study. Whole body, total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants completed validated questionnaires to assess ED risk and BID. Objective physical activity (daily steps, daily physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), time spent in sedentary (PAs), light (PAL), moderate (PAM), and vigorous (PAV) zones), and dietary intake were quantified across 3-days via a wrist-worn accelerometer and a self-reported food log, respectively. Spearman correlations evaluated relationships between BMD, ED scores, BID, physical activity metrics, and dietary intake (p < 0.05).Results 47–65% of participants had low BMD (z-score < 0) at whole-body, hip, and spine sites, with 40% classified as osteopenic (Ta ble 1). Additionally, 20% were at risk of ED and 65% conveyed BID. Participants averaged 15,789 ± 4,116 daily steps, expending 986 ± 396 active calories. Total hip BMD z-scores were positively associated with daily steps (r = 0.462, p = 0.046), PAEE (r = 0.493, p = 0.032), and PAM (r = 0.575, p = 0.010). No other relationships were observed between BMD, ED risk, BID, and dietary intake (calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium) (p > 0.05).Conclusions A high incidence of low BMD was observed across all sites (whole body, total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar), with BMD z-scores associated with physical activity (daily step counts, PAEE, and PAM), but not with dietary intake, ED risk, or BID. These findings highlight the importance of physical activity for maintaining bone health in premenopausal females. As BMD reflects long-term bone health, it may not capture acute dietary or lifestyle changes, highlighting the need to assess dynamic bone turnover markers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".