Thermal and catalytic liquefaction of high ash Indian coals: Kinetics, mechanism, and product characterization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, the direct coal liquefaction (DCL) of high‐ash Indian coals was studied. The DCL experiments were carried out with a 1 wt.% Fe 2 O 3 catalyst in a 200 mL reactor within a temperature range of 400–450°C, using tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) as solvent. The process yielded gas, liquid, and residue, along with water. The liquid fraction was classified as hexane soluble (oil), toluene soluble (asphaltene), and tetrahydrofuran soluble (pre‐asphaltene). The maximum conversions were 72.57 and 67.45 wt.%, and the oil yields of 42.33 and 39.43 wt.% were observed for lignite coal at 60 min of residence time and 450°C for catalytic and thermal liquefaction, respectively. For the maximum concentration of pyrite of 29.43% in lignite coal, the oil yield was maximum. A hypothetical six‐lumped kinetic model was employed. The activation energy values were in the range of 50–300 kJ/mol. The gas sample analysis indicated that methane production was peaking at 51.31 vol.%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".