Gender Divisions of Domestic Labour During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Canada: Did Increases in Father Involvement Persist Through Later Stages?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the wake of widespread disruptions to employment, schooling and childcare early in the COVID-19 pandemic, fathers' share of domestic labour increased. Drawing on Canadian survey data from August/September 2021, we investigate whether this was a harbinger of lasting change. We find that dual-earner parents of young children continued to report modest increases in father involvement in housework and childcare. However, first-wave household employment arrangements that initially boosted father involvement were not associated with sustained increases a year and a half later. Persistent change only occurred when such arrangements prevailed in later pandemic phases, that is, when fathers continued working from home while mothers returned to their workplace. Likewise, school/care closures, most widespread in the first wave, had no lasting impact on fathers' share of childcare tasks or responsibilities. Our findings highlight the importance of longer timeframes and couple-level employment data to assess pandemic impacts on gender divisions of labour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".