Phosphate Bonded Perchloric Superstructure Enables Energy‐Dense and Ultra‐Stable Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aqueous sodium‐ion batteries (ASIBs) offer a cost‐effective and safe platform for grid‐scale energy storage, but their practical application is impeded by poor energy density and limited operating time, primarily due to the sluggish Na + intercalation kinetics and severe parasitic side reactions. Here, through multiple characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations, an unexpected phase transition of the NaMnO 2 cathode and incomplete formation of phosphorus oxide interphase on the anode is observed, which causes the failure of ASIBs. To circumvent these issues, an electrolyte with phosphate bonded perchloric (PBP) superstructure is proposed to simultaneously boost cathodic Na + transport and promote the formation of a robust Na 4 P 2 O 6 /Na 4 P 2 O 7 interphase on the anode surface. This electrolyte design enables batteries to deliver a cathodic specific capacity of 198.21 mAh g −1 at 50 mA g −1 , with prolonged operating time exceeding 1440 h and an energy density of 82.31 Wh kg −1 (based on the mass of electrode materials). Even under practical application conditions (−20 °C and a mass loading of 10 mg cm −2 ), the batteries remain functional and exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance. The study underscores the potential of PBP superstructure as an alternative electrolyte engineering pathway toward energy‐dense and long lifespan ASIBs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".