Shell-bound archives: uncovering nematode encapsulations in the Galapagos’ largest radiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract How macroevolution interacts with ecological networks remains a major question in eco-evolutionary science. We investigate this interplay in the Naesiotus snail radiation of the Galápagos Islands, which encapsulates parasitic nematodes within the shell—a recently discovered gastropod defense. Using a natural history collection, we examined dry shells from 47 species across 12 islands, quantified encapsulations, and sequenced nematode DNA to reconstruct a host-parasite network. Encapsulations were widespread and revealed high nematode diversity, including in snail hosts presumed extinct. Nematode diversity was shaped by habitat, while encapsulation load was better explained by host species identity, suggesting species-specific defenses. Neither trait showed phylogenetic signal, and shell brightness was unrelated to nematode interactions. Similarly, host diversification rate did not predict network position, suggesting that macroevolution may leave a weak or obscured imprint on this host-parasite network. This snail-nematode system in islands readily enables integration of ecological networks, phylogeny, functional traits, and biogeography.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".