Abnormal brain iron deposition in patients with new daily persistent headache: a prospective quantitative susceptibility mapping study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The underlying pathogenesis of New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is currently unknown. Abnormal iron deposition in specific brain regions has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of migraine. This study aimed to investigate the role of iron metabolism disorders in the pathogenesis of NDPH using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). METHODS: Twenty-five NDPH patients and 43 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. 3D T1-weighted images (T1WI) and QSM sequences were performed at a 3.0 T MRI scanner. Voxel-based analysis was used to compare differences in iron content between NDPH and HC groups after QSM maps were normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute space. The correlations between QSM values and clinical assessment scale scores were also assessed. RESULTS: There were significant differences in iron levels in the right cerebellar lobule VIII, right insula, and left gyrus rectus between the NDPH patients and the HC group. Compared to the HC group, patients with NDPH showed higher iron deposition in these three regions. There was no significant correlation between the QSM values and the scores of the clinical scales in these three regions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that the metabolic disorder of iron deposition in specific areas of the brain may be related to the underlying pathogenesis of patients with NDPH. These findings should be regarded as preliminary exploratory results, suggesting a possible involvement of iron metabolism in the mechanisms of NDPH, which requires further validation in subsequent studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".