Expanded geographic range and novel host association of elm zigzag sawfly (Hymenoptera: Argidae) with <i>Zelkova serrata</i> in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The elm zigzag sawfly (EZS), Aproceros leucopoda Takeuchi (Hymenoptera: Argidae), is a rapidly spreading invasive defoliator threatening North American elms (Ulmus spp.). Native to East Asia, EZS has established itself across Europe and Russia and was first detected in North America in 2020. Its parthenogenetic reproduction, high fecundity, and multiple dispersal pathways facilitate rapid range expansion and by 2025, EZS had been documented in 14 U.S. states and 4 Canadian provinces. In North America, human-assisted dispersal via vehicles, wood products, and potentially nursery soil may accelerate its spread beyond natural dispersal distances. This paper documents the first observation of EZS on Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata), an ornamental tree within Ulmaceae. In field choice assays, EZS oviposited, fed, and pupated on Z. serrata “Musashino” early in the growing season, although subsequent generations did not utilize the host. This suggests that Z. serrata may serve as an alternate host, likely influenced by earlier leaf-out relative to elm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".