Beyond Staging: The Role of Pressure Ulcer Site and Multiplicity in Hospital Mortality and Length of Stay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Pressure ulcers are an important patient safety concern. While staging frameworks guide clinical management, the association between anatomical site, stage, and multiple PU presence and outcomes such as length of stay (LOS) and mortality in Medicare patients has not been fully characterized. The study objective is to examine the relationship between PU site, stage, and multiplicity and inpatient LOS and mortality among hospitalized Medicare patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,123,121 inpatient Medicare admissions from a 2019 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) medical claims dataset. PUs were identified using ICD-10-CM codes classified by anatomical site and stage (1 through 4, unstageable, unspecified). Multiple regression models examined associations between PU characteristics and LOS and mortality, adjusting for age, sex, primary diagnosis, and hospital transfer. An analysis was conducted using SPSS version 29. Results: Stage 2 ulcers were the most common (28.6%), while unstageable or unspecified ulcers were frequent in the heels and head. The sacral region, buttocks, and heels were the most common anatomical sites. LOS gradually increased from Stage 1 (9.4 days) to Stage 4 (15.2 days). While the death rate did not increase consistently with stage, it was highest for upper back (14%), head (12.8%), and unspecified hip (12.8%) sites. Multiple regression was conducted to examine the association between PU locality, stage, and multiplicity and mortality (logistic regression) and LOS (linear regression). After controlling for patient demographics, admission, and clinical information, the regression results showed that the presence of multiple PUs, as well as anatomical sites of sacral, hip, head, buttock, and upper back ulcers, is associated with prolonged LOS and increased mortality. The presence of an advanced PU stage was found to be associated with prolonged LOS but not with inpatient mortality. Conclusions: The anatomical site and presence of multiple pressure ulcers were stronger predictors of prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality than ulcer stage alone. Certain ulcer sites, such as sacral, hip, head, buttock, and upper back, were independently associated with a higher risk of poor outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".