Bacteria sense virus-induced genome degradation via methylated mononucleotides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phages often degrade the genome of their bacterial host to individual nucleotides. In this work, we describe Metis, a bacterial defense system that directly senses phage-mediated host genome degradation. Metis aborts phage infection once it detects the modified mononucleotide N 6 -methyl-deoxyadenosine monophosphate (m 6 dAMP). As methylation of deoxyadenosines usually occurs on the DNA polymer, accumulation of m 6 dAMP signals that the host genome has been degraded. In type I Metis, sensing of m 6 dAMP activates a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) diphosphatase, leading to NAD + depletion and cessation of the infection process, whereas the effector in type II Metis is a membrane-spanning protein whose toxicity is triggered in response to the modified mononucleotide. We further show that Metis defense depends on endogenous DNA methylases and that phages can escape Metis through mutations that inactivate host genome degradation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".