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Molten Salts: Fluid Inclusion Record and Role in Forming Mineral Deposits

2025· article· en· W4415975513 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueAnnual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicExtraction and Separation Processes
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
Fundersnot available
KeywordsFluid inclusionsInclusion (mineral)CarbonateMineralCarbonate minerals

Abstract

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Fluid inclusions provide a wealth of information on the compositions, temperatures, and other properties of fluids that form mineral deposits. Fluid inclusions representative of aqueous-hydrothermal ore-forming fluids have been studied extensively over many years, and our understanding of their properties is comprehensive. But in recent years, evidence has been mounting for widespread occurrence of novel and unexpected types of fluid inclusions. These fluids are composed of molten alkali-calcic chloride, sulfate, and carbonate components, and they contain little to no H 2 O. Their physical and chemical properties are only starting to be explored, but evidence for their capacity to mobilize certain metals, and their participation in crustal ore-forming processes, is growing. The objectives of this review are to showcase these novel solutions and to discuss their origins and roles in forming mineral deposits. ▪ Fluid inclusions in minerals reveal widespread occurrence of natural molten salts. ▪ Evidence for molten salts, composed of chloride, sulfate, and carbonate components, is reported in numerous ore deposits. ▪ Molten salts are low-viscosity fluids, highly chemically reactive, and capable of transporting high concentrations of critical metals. ▪ Molten salts represent a novel and unexpected type of crustal ore-forming fluid.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.844
Threshold uncertainty score0.183

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.247
Teacher spread0.241 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it