The Value of Frequent Spot Seismic: 4 Years of Monitoring on the Weyburn Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary In 2024, 4D imaging and spot seismic has been performed over the Weyburn field, in Saskatchewan, Canada, to monitor CO2 injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Between 2022 and 2024, three spot seismic monitoring campaigns were conducted and successfully detected CO2 plume. Each campaign consisted in the imaging of 16 spots, initially placed based on flow model predictions with the aim of tracking injection dynamics and potential mismatches between predicted and actual CO2 fronts. Whitecap Resources conducted in November 2024 a 4D seismic survey, which was successfully compared with spot seismic results, showing a promising complementarity of each technology. With sufficient repeatable data and a basic processing sequence spot seismic allows to perform time lapse detection. The first two spot seismic acquisitions occurred in 2022. Most spots within the CO2 plume extension prediction detected CO2, except one model mismatch at a spot where CO2 was detected outside of the predicted CO2 plume. On the second acquisition, the mismatched persisted and is today located into a high CO2 concentration area on the 4D amplitude changes map.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".