Development of a Clinical Dental Reference Data Set for Dubai Emirati Children and Adolescents Based on the Demirjian Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
these reasons, a sequence of dental age estimation methods has been developed primarily based on the mineralization stage of tooth germs.9 Many authors have developed scoring methods to assess dental age using dental calcification stages of permanent teeth.Examples of these methods include Demirjian et al., 10 Nolla, 11 Willems et al., 12 and Moorrees et al. 13 methods.The most widely used dental maturity staging system is the method developed by Demirjian in 1973 on a sample of French-Canadian children.14,15 Demirjian method 10 is based on eight stages of tooth mineralization, from calcification of the cusp to closure of the apex, on the seven left IntroductIonAge is a period of human life that is measured by the chronological passing of days, weeks, months, and years from birth.Biological age refers to how old a person seems; accordingly, biological age assessment can be achieved by various techniques, including physical examination, cervical vertebral maturation, 1 handwrist radiographs, dental examination, and also by using dental panoramic tomography (DPT) images. 2 In forensic medicine, age estimation is no longer only beneficial in the identification of deceased victims or human remains but additionally in age estimation of living individuals, which would possibly be required in such cases where chronological age plays a necessary role, for example, criminal liability, immigration, school attendance, and social benefits.3 In dental and medical practice, age estimation is regarded to be of outstanding importance.4,5 For example, pediatric dentists and orthodontists must be capable of understanding a child's growth and developmental status represented by both the chronological and dental age, as it is important to lead to a more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.6 Dental age assessment is commonly based on observing the stage of tooth eruption and the degree of mineralization of the developing tooth buds' enamel from radiographs.7 The process of maturation is much more uniform, progressive, sequenced, and continuous compared to tooth eruption, and is much less affected by endocrine disease, dietary deficiency conditions, and environmental changes.8 These factors influence tooth development and may show differences in chronological age compared to dental age. 3 For
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.012 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".