Banned pesticide: Poisoning in three siblings living in a rural area of Cte dIvoire, West Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Occupational or intentional poisonings involving organophosphate pesticides are common in agricultural areas in Côte d'Ivoire. However, few cases of domestic unintentional acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP) involving banned pesticides and causing the death of several children from the same family have been reported. The aim of this report was to describe the circumstances of the poisoning, the profile of the victims, and the approach to identifying the toxic chemicals involved in the death. The case of three children aged 1, 3, and 7 years old, all siblings, who died suddenly on May 10, 2020, is reported. The WHO International Standard verbal autopsy questionnaire was used to identify a probable underlying cause of death. A cursory autopsy was carried out by the general practitioner of the Urban Health Center, and samples of gastric contents were taken during the postmortem examination. The toxicological analyses were performed by Gas chromatography/electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS). The three children all died within a 30 min interval between 9:30 and 10:00 a.m., exhibiting a clinical picture of diarrhea, vomiting, bronchorrhea, and respiratory distress. The toxicological analysis of the victims' gastric contents revealed the presence of Disulfoton (C8H19O2PS3), a highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor (LD50 < 5 mg/kg). This chemical has been banned in the United States and Canada since 2009, and the company Bayer announced the discontinuation of sales in 2011. The findings confirm the toxicity of Disulfoton, a highly neurotoxic molecule, in the death of the three children. However, the circumstances of pesticide ingestion could not be fully elucidated, which challenges regulatory authorities regarding the availability and dumping of banned pesticides in developing countries. Key words: Fatal poisoning, children, disulfoton, banned pesticide, gas chromatography/electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS), Côte d’Ivoire.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".