Production Efficiency or Food Miles: Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Local and Imported Peas and Lentils at Market in Western Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A life cycle assessment was conducted to compare the impacts of peas and lentils produced in Canada, France, and Russia, transported to market in Western Europe, to assess the systems-level sustainability implications of changing production and consumption profiles of internationally traded commodity pulse crops. For all but 1–2 impact categories, imported Canadian peas and lentils outperformed those imported from Russia, due to the lower yields, higher levels of tillage, higher field-level emissions, and higher distances of truck transportation for Russian pulses. French peas had higher impacts of production than Canadian peas, for all categories but land use, due to higher levels of fertilizer inputs, irrigation, field activities, and field-level emissions. However, for 7 out of 12 impact categories, the impacts of the transportation of Canadian peas to Western Europe outweighed the higher impacts of the production of French peas. This demonstrates potential sustainability benefits of Canadian pulses, with some trade-offs from the additional impacts of transportation to market, adding nuance to the discussion around the importance of “food miles” in agricultural sustainability. Compared to previous studies, this demonstrates the importance of multi-criteria and regionalized assessments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".