Female Board Appointments: Examining the Impact of Cross-Border Antecedents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite women’s increasing participation in the labor force, their representation on corporate boards still lags that of men worldwide. This study examines how cross-border factors influence the appointments of female directors. We differentiate and contrast the effects of foreign ownership and exposure to host-country quota laws. We propose that while both factors can enhance women’s representation, foreign ownership, which represents shareholder influence, is more likely to prompt substantive changes. In contrast, exposure to host-country quota laws, which reflects stakeholder impact, is more likely to induce symbolic responses. We use women’s appointments as more influential directors versus less influential auditors to delineate substantive versus symbolic changes. By examining the appointment of women to these positions from 2005 to 2019 in Japanese public firms, we find evidence supporting our hypotheses that shareholder and stakeholder pressure differently affect the substantive and symbolic integration of women into corporate leadership. Their differential effects further vary depending on the existing level of female directors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".