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GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
Adrian Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F Acernese, K. Ackley, S Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R.X Adhikari, V.K Adkins, Samsuzzaman Afroz, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, Maryam Aghaei Abchouyeh, S. Reza Ahmadzadeh, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, S. Akcay, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, Ammar Al-Jodah, C Alléné, A. Allocca, Shahd Alshammari, P. A. Altin, S. Álvarez-López, O. Amarasinghe, A. Amato, Claude Amra, A. Ananyeva, Sandra Anderson, W. G. Anderson, M. Andia, Masaki Ando, T Andrade, M. Andrés‐Carcasona, T. Andrić, J. D. Anglin, Stefano Ansoldi, J.M Antelis, S. Antier, M. Aoumi, E. Z. Appavuravther, S. Appert, S. K. Apple, K. Arai, A. Araya, M. C. Araya, Manuel Arca Sedda, J.S Areeda, L Argianas, N. Aritomi, F. Armato, N. Arnaud, M. Arogeti, S.M Aronson, G. Ashton, Y. Aso, M. Assiduo, S. Assis de Souza Melo, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, F. Attadio, K. AultONeal, S. Babak, F. Badaracco, C. Badger, S. Bagnasco, E. Bagui, Luca Baiotti, R. Bajpai, T. Baka, Tessa Baker, M. Ball, G. Ballardin, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, B. Banerjee, D. Bankar, T. M. Baptiste, P Baral, J. C. Barayoga, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, Nilkanta Barman, P. Barneo, F. Barone, B Barr, L Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, D. Barta, Alice Bartoletti, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, S. Basak, A. Basalaev, R. Bassiri, A. Basti, D.E Bates, M. Bawaj, J. C. Bayley, A. C. Baylor, Ii P.A Baynard, M. Bazzan, V.M Bedakihale, F. Beirnaert, M. Bejger, Daniele Belardinelli, A. S. Bell, D. S. Bellie, Lorenzo Bellizzi, William Benoit, I. Bentara, J.D Bentley, M. Ben Yaala, S Bera, F. Bergamin, B.K Berger, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, M Beroiz, C. P. L. Berry, D. Bersanetti, A. Bertolini, J. Betzwieser, D. Beveridge, N. Bevins, R. Bhandare, Sumit Bhat, R. Bhatt, D. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhowmick, A. Bianchi, I. A. Bilenko, G Billingsley, A Binetti, S. Bini, C. Binu, O. Birnholtz, S. Biscoveanu, A. Bisht, M. Bitossi, M. A. Bizouard, S. Blaber, J.K Blackburn, L. A. Blagg, C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, F Bobba, N. Bode, Guillaume Boileau, M Boldrini, G. N. Bolingbroke, Adrien Bolliand, L. D. Bonavena, R. Bondarescu, F. Bondu, E. Bonilla, M.S Bonilla, A. Bonino, R. Bonnand, P. Booker, Andrea T. Borchers, Ssohrab Borhanian, V. Boschi, Sougato Bose, V. Bossilkov, Alexis Boudon, A. Bozzi, C Bradaschia, P. R. Brady, A. Branch, M. Branchesi, I. Braun, T. Briant, A. Brillet, M Brinkmann, P. Brockill, E Brockmueller, A. F. Brooks, Benjamin Brown, D. D. Brown, M. L. Brozzetti, S. Brunett, G. Bruno, R. Bruntz, John Bryant, Yunfei Bu, F Bucci, J Buchanan, O. M. Bulashenko, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, K. Burtnyk, R. Buscicchio, D. Buskulic, C. Buy, Robert L. Byer, G.S Cabourn Davies, G. Cabras, R. Cabrita, V. Cáceres-Barbosa, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, C Cahillane, Antonia M. Calafat, J. Calderón Bustillo, T. A. Callister, E. Calloni, M. Canepa, G. Caneva Santoro, K. C. Cannon, H. Cao, L. A. Capistran, E. Capocasa, E. Capote, Giulia Capurri, G. Carapella, F. Carbognani, M Carlassara, T. K. Carlson, M.F Carney, M Carpinelli, G Carrillo, J. J. Carter, G. Carullo, J. Casanueva Diaz, C. Casentini, S. Y. Castro-Lucas, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, R. Cavalieri, G. Cella, P. Cerdá–Durán, E. Cesarini, W Chaibi, Pulak K. Chakraborty, Sreyashi Chakraborty, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya, C. Chan, M. Chan, R.-J. Chang, S. Chao, E. L. Charlton, P. Charlton, E. Chassande‐Mottin, C. Chatterjee, Debarati Chatterjee, Deep Chatterjee, M. Chaturvedi, S. Chaty, K. Chatziioannou, C. Checchia, A. Chen, D. Chen, Honglei Chen, H. Y. Chen, Shaomin Chen, Y Chen, Yanbei Chen, Yitian Chen, H.P Cheng, P. Chessa, H. T. Cheung, S.Y Cheung, F. Chiadini, G. Chiarini, R. Chierici, A Chincarini, Maria Luisa Chiofalo, A. Chiummo, Chiahung Chou, S. Choudhary, N. Christensen, S. Chua, Priti Chugh, G. Ciani, P. Ciecieląg, M. Cieślar, M. Cifaldi, R. Ciolfi, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, John Clarke, T.A Clarke, P. Clearwater, S. Clesse, S. M. Clyne, E. Coccia, E. Codazzo, P.-F. Cohadon, E. Colangeli, M Colleoni, C. G. 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Jani, Justin Janquart, S Jaraba, P. Jaranowski, R. Jaume, Wajiha Javed, Alan L. Jennings, W. Jia, Conrad E. Johanson, Nathan K. Johnson-McDaniel, G. R. Johns, N Johny, E. E. Jones, R. W. L. Jones, S Jose, Jennifer Y. Ju, L. Ju, K. Jung, J. Junker, V. Juste, T. Kajita, Ikou Kaku, V. Kalogera, Marios Kalomenopoulos, M Kamiizumi, N Kanda, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, S. Karat, Rahul Kashyap, M Kasprzack, W. Kastaun, T Kato, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, K. Kawabe, Ryuichi Kawamoto, A Kazemi, D. Keitel, James Kennington, Ravi Kesharwani, R. Khadela, S. Khadka, F. Khan, I. Khan, Sanika Khadkikar, M Khursheed, W. Kiendrébéogo, N. Kijbunchoo, C Kim, M.H Kim, K. Kim, S. Kim, Y.-M Kim, C. Kimball, M. Kinley-Hanlon, M. Kinnear, S. Klimenko, N. Knust, Kazuyoshi Kobayashi, P. Koch, G. Koekoek, Kazunori Kohri, K. Kokeyama, S. Koley, P. Kolitsidou, K Komori, A. Kontos, M. Korobko, X Kou, M. Kovalam, V. Kringel, A. Królak, K. Kruska, Jerzy Kubisz, S Kulkarni, A. Kulur Ramamohan, A. Kumar, Praveen Kumar, P. Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, J Kume, K. Kuns, N. Kuntimaddi, Sachiko Kuroyanagi, S. Kuwahara, K. Kwak, Kit Yue Kwan, Jennifer Kwok, G. Lacaille, P Lagabbe, D. Laghi, Siang Hui Lai, É. Lalande, M Lalleman, M. Landry, J. Lange, R. Langgin, B. Lantz, A La Rana, Jens Rolighed Larsen, A. Lartaux-Vollard, M. Laxen, C. Lazarte, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, P. Leaci, L. Leali, J. Lee, K Lee, R.-K Lee, R Lee, S. Lee, Y. Lee, J. Lehmann, Luis Lehner, M. Le Jean, Anaël Lemaı̂tre, M. Leonardi, Michel Lequime, N. Leroy, M. Lesovsky, N. Letendre, M. Lethuillier, Y. Levin, K Leyde, T. G. F. Li, X Li, Ying Li, Zijian Li, A. Lihos, Chun-Yu Lin, Y.-C Lin, C. Lindsay, A. Liu, J. Liu, F. Llamas Villarreal, J. Llobera-Querol, M. R. Loizou, Jean‐Pierre Locquet, A. Longo, D. Lopez, A. Lorenzo-Medina, V. Loriette, M. Lormand, G. Losurdo, E. Lotti, Nicola Low, N Lu, Leonardo Lucchesi, H. Lück, D. Lumaca, Longfei Ma, Sang Hyuk, R. Macas, Alexandra Lorandi Macedo, M. MacInnis, A. Macquet, D. Macri, Kenji Maeda, S. Maenaut, Elisa Maggio, R. Maggiore, M. Magnozzi, M Mahesh, Mala K. Maini, Santosh Kumar Majhi, E. Majorana, Debraj Malakar, U. Mali, S. Maliakal, A. Malik, Labani Mallick, N. Man, V. Mandic, V. Mangano, B Mannix, G Mansingh, M. Mantovani, F. Marchesoni, C. Marinelli, D. Marín Pina, F. Marion, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, A Markowitz, E. Maros, F Martelli, B.B Martinez, M. Martı́nez, V. Martínez, Alberto Martini, L Massaro, A. Masserot, M. Masso‐Reid, M. Mastrodicasa, S. Mastrogiovanni, T. Matcovich, M. Matiushechkina, M. Matsuyama, N. Mavalvala, N. Maxwell, G. McCarrol, R. McCarthy, Sheila McCormick, L. McCuller, S. McEachin, C. McElhenny, J Mcginn, J Mciver, T. McRae, D. Meacher, Q. Meijer, A. Melatos, Max Melching, S Mellaerts, F. Mera, L. Mereni, K. Merfeld, M. Merzougui, C. Messenger, Benedetta Mestichelli, M. Meyer-Conde, F. Meylahn, A. Mhaske, A. Miani, H. Miao, I. Michaloliakos, C. Michel, Y Michimura, H. Middleton, M Millhouse, E. Milotti, Valeria Milotti, Y. Minenkov, N. Mio, L. Mirasola, M. Miravet-Tenés, C.-A. Miritescu, Anuj Mishra, C. Mishra, S. Mitra, R. Mittleman, O. Miyakawa, S. Miyamoto, S. Miyoki, G. Mo, L. Mobilia, C. Mondal, M. Mondin, M. Montani, D. Moraru, Anupreeta More, Surhud More, G. Moreno, S. Morisaki, Y. Moriwaki, Gonzalo Morrás, A. Moscatello, Matthew Mould, Pierre Mourier, B. Mours, F. Muciaccia, Samanwaya Mukherjee, Soma Mukherjee, S. Mukherjee, Suvodip Mukherjee, N. Mukund, A. Mullavey, H. Mullock, J. Münch, J. Mundi, Yoshio Murakami, Masanori Murakoshi, S. Muusse, D. Nabari, A. Nagar, Neeraja Nagarajan, K. Nakagaki, K. Nakamura, Hiroyuki Nakano, M. Nakano, D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze, Dibyendu Nandi, V. Napolano, P. Narayan, I Nardecchia, T. Narikawa, H Narola, L. Naticchioni, A. Nela, A Nelson, M Nery, A. Neunzert, S. Ng, L. Nguyen Quynh, G. Nieradka, Yohei Nishino, A. Nishizawa, S. Nissanke, E. Nitoglia, W Niu, F. Nocera, M. Norman, C. North, J. Novák, K. Obayashi, J Oberling, Micaela Oertel, Anne-Marie Offermans, G Oganesyan, T. O’Hanlon, M. Ohkawa, F. Ohme, Roberto Oliveri, Rafia Omer, K Oohara, R Oram, Marta Orselli, Yuichi Oshima, C. Osthelder, I. Ota, A. Ouzriat, H. Overmier, R. Pagano, A. Pai, Lavinia Paiella, András Pál, M Pálfi, C. Palomba, Pierre Palud, Jing Pan, P.K Panda, R Panai, S. B. Pandey, Swadha Pandey, F. Pannarale, F. Paoletti, A. Paolone, A. Papadopoulos, L. Papalini, G. Papigkiotis, A. Paquis, A. Parisi, B.-J Park, J. Park, W. Parker, G. Pascale, D Pascucci, A. Pasqualetti, R. Passaquieti, L. Passenger, D. Passuello, O. Patane, D. Pathak, Abani Patra, B. Patricelli, K. Paul, E. Payne, Timothy R. Pearce, M. Pedraza, A. Pele, Albino Perego, Z. Pereira, C. Périgois, A. Perreca, Jennifer L. Perret, S. Perriès, D Pesios, S. Petracca, C. Petrillo, H. Pham, H Phurailatpam, M. Piarulli, M. Piendibene, M. Pichot, M Piendibene, F. Piergiovanni, L. Pierini, G. Pierra, V. Pierro, Michał Bernard Pietrzak, M Pillas, F. Pilo, L. 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Bibliographic record
VenueThe Astrophysical Journal Letters · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersEuropean Social FundJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNational Science and Technology CouncilEuropean Regional Development FundCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueICTP South American Institute for Fundamental ResearchMinistry of Science and ICT, South KoreaNemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs HivatalNational Research FoundationVlaamse regeringNational Astronomical Observatory of JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Education, IndiaConseil Régional, Île-de-FranceIsrael Science FoundationScottish Universities Physics AllianceNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Research Foundation of KoreaDivision of Human Resource DevelopmentKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteHungarian Scientific Research FundGeneralitat de CatalunyaGeneralitat ValencianaFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareU.S. Department of EnergyNational Research, Development and Innovation OfficeGreat Southern Development Commission, Government of Western AustraliaAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónKorea Institute of Science and Technology InformationNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekInstitute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of TokyoCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaFundacja na rzecz Nauki PolskiejAcademia SinicaAbdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsLeverhulme TrustEuropean CommissionRussian Science FoundationScottish Funding CouncilNarodowa Agencja Wymiany AkademickiejCentres de Recerca de CatalunyaInstitut des Origines de LyonFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesScience and Engineering Research BoardNational Science Foundation
KeywordsDocumentationData collectionTransient (computer programming)Observational studySIGNAL (programming language)Key (lock)
Abstract
Abstract The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational-wave signals identified by the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal’s source as inferred from the observational data. GWTC is the data release of this dataset, and version 4.0 extends the catalog to include observations made during the first part of the fourth LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA observing run up until 2024 January 31. This Letter marks an introduction to a collection of articles related to this version of the catalog, GWTC-4.0. The collection of articles accompanying the catalog provides documentation of the methods used to analyze the data, summaries of the catalog of events, observational measurements drawn from the population, and detailed discussions of selected candidates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.006
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.031
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.160
Threshold uncertainty score0.535
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.018 | 0.023 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.160 | 0.186 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.280
Teacher spread0.272 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreMethods
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations28
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes