Modular microbial fuel cells with all graphite microchannels for low internal resistance and high conversion efficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a new microbial fuel cell (MFC) design in which the microchannels are fabricated entirely from graphite. The microfluidic all-graphite MFC (μG-MFC) supports pure-culture Geobacter sulfurreducens electroactive biofilms (EABs). Iterative design reduced internal resistance and produced architecture-dependent performance gains. Narrow, unstructured channels yielded relatively high power and current densities, whereas a wide, micropillar-structured channel achieved the highest raw outputs, enabled by one of the lowest internal resistances reported for any microfluidic MFC (1.2 kΩ). This low resistance also produced record acetate conversion efficiency (82 %) and normalized energy recovery (0.83 kWh m −3 ), among microscale MFCs. To demonstrate modularity and system-level benefits, we ran multiple modules as stacks. This further reduced internal resistance to 480 Ω and enabled power and current increases to 700 μW and 1.5 mA, sufficient to power an environmental multi-sensor. We discuss scaling stacks up to thousands of modules as a means to provide a viable platform for low-cost remediation, with projected operating costs that are competitive with state-of-the-art wastewater treatment systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".