Asclepias curassavica L. (Apocynaceae) a naturalized neophyte threatening the Hyrcanian biodiversity hotspot in North Iran
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study documents the naturalization of Asclepias curassavica (tropical milkweed) as a newly recorded alien species in the Flora of Iran. Native to the tropical Americas, A. curassavica has been widely introduced across Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe – in recent decades, primarily as an ornamental plant. The first established population in Iran was observed in 2002 within the understory of a relict Populus caspica forest reserve in the Hyrcanian ecoregion of northern Iran. A second population was identified in 2015 near the initial site, occupying a slightly different habitat. Due to the persistence of these populations, its high reproductive potential and strong ability to spread, tropical milkweed can be classified as a naturalised alien. Its occurrence in a habitat of conservation importance is alarming, as it could have severe negative impacts on the native biodiversity of relict forests. Consequently, we advocate for the prompt eradication of this species and the formulation of a comprehensive management plan to prevent further spread. Additionally, this study provides a detailed morphological and ecological overview of A. curassavica, highlighting key distinctions from its closely related congeners within the genus Asclepias.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".