Numerical investigation of bonding in stone-clad Façades: comparative analysis with and without mechanical anchorage
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Reliable simulation of bond behavior between stone façade panels and concrete substrates is crucial for safe façade design, particularly with mechanical anchorage. Conventional finite element models relying on tie constraints overestimate interface strength, especially in the absence of surface preparation or bonding agents. This study develops and validates a physically motivated, element deletion–based finite element methodology to accurately simulate crack initiation, propagation, and failure at the mortar–stone interface. The three-dimensional numerical models, implemented in ABAQUS and benchmarked against laboratory splitting shear tests, represent the composite system comprising a concrete substrate, sand-cement adhesive mortar, and a Travertine stone façade. Both unanchored and Z-type mechanically anchored configurations were examined. Results demonstrate the approach yields accurate predictions of failure loads and damage evolution: for unanchored specimens, the maximum numerical–experimental deviation was below 2%, while Z-type clip anchorage significantly enhanced the load-bearing capacity and altered the fracture mechanism. Compared to conventional tie or interface-layer models, the element deletion strategy provides a computationally efficient and transparent tool for capturing the failure behavior of stone–mortar–concrete composites. The findings offer insights for optimizing façade anchorage design and provide a validated numerical framework for future research.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it