Community participation in secular and religious contexts across sociodemographic groups in 22 countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an increasingly fragmented and isolated world, community participation remains an essential source of social connection. However, how community participation varies across countries and sociodemographic groups remains unclear. Using data from 202,898 adults across 22 countries, we examined participation in both secular and religious communities across sociodemographic groups. There was substantial cross-national variation in participation rates for both secular and religious communities. On average across countries, younger, male, single, and more educated people were more likely to participate weekly + in secular groups. Notably, people who attended religious services were also more likely to engage in secular groups, suggesting these forms of participation may be complementary rather than substitutive. Conversely, older, married or widowed, and less educated people attended religious services more often. Country-specific analyses further suggest that sociodemographic variation in community participation differed across countries, indicating diverse societal influences. These findings pave the way for future investigations into how sociocultural factors shape community participation across different national contexts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".