3D-printed sacrificial molds for high-resolution, patient-specific hydrogel heart valve engineering
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The fabrication of anatomically accurate, cellularized heart valve substitutes remains a significant challenge in tissue engineering, particularly for pediatric and patient-specific applications. While three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting enables the creation of complex geometries, it often compromises cell viability and lacks the precision required for small-scale constructs. In this study, we present a high-fidelity, reproducible molding technique using 3D-printed sugar glass molds to engineer custom, alginate-based hydrogel cellularized heart valves. Human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) were used as the cell source due to their accessibility and regenerative potential. This approach overcomes the limitations of conventional molding and bioprinting by enabling the reproduction of intricate anatomical features, including the sinuses of Valsalva, which are critical for physiological hemodynamics. The molding method maintains high cell viability (>90%) at the time of fabrication and the process supports both scalability and automation. Sugar glass molds for valve sizes from 16 to 26 mm inner diameter were printed with 90% of the mold surface within a ±0.3 mm deviation of the reference computer-aided design model. Cellularized valves cultured in a custom perfusion bioreactor retained structural integrity and cell viability over a 14 d period. This biofabrication strategy offers a promising platform for engineering patient-specific heart valves and also lays the groundwork for in vitro disease modeling, including valve mineralization, using living cells such as ASCs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it