Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter focuses on how urban development relates to coastal flood risk. It begins with key concepts related to coastal geomorphology and flooding in river deltas and estuaries (e.g., processes of landscape formation, protective benefit of wetlands, storm surge, human impacts on coastlines). It then presents the urban development and flood histories of New Orleans (including Hurricane Katrina) and New York City (including Hurricane Sandy). The cases are assessed and compared using the Urban Risk Dynamics framework. Both demonstrate how urbanization in coastal cities often entails extensive loss of wetlands, construction of navigational waterways that inadvertently funnel storm surge, and floodplain expansion through land subsidence or building out the waterfront. Urban expansion into more hazardous lands may be intentionally enabled through construction of flood protection structures. Generally, the least economically valuable land was occupied by the most socially vulnerable populations. Catastrophic events like Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy spur mitigation but reinforce ongoing urbanization trends. Lower density areas, however, provide opportunities for strategic retreat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".