Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pre-history of economics in Canada begins with the description of the society and products of New France by Pierre Boucher (1664), a former governor at Trois Rivieres and the founding seigneur of Boucherville, writing in the political arithmetic tradition of Boisguilbert and Vauban. The most notable of such descriptive works was, after the British conquest, the vast, disorganized, but often incisive Statistical Account of Upper Canada by the political dissident Robert Gourlay (1822), whose criticism of unrepresentative and corrupt government led to his exile as an undesirable alien — on the grounds of his birth in Scotland rather than England (Dimand, 1992). Although, apart from Boucher and Gourlay, early descriptive writings about settlement and economic conditions in Canada tended to have little economic analysis, Boucher displayed an intuitive sense of economies of scale, urging that policy should encourage concentration of settlement in small areas, where mutually beneficial exchange would lead to a surplus product. Independently, Gourlay later formulated a linear relationship between land values and the number of inhabitants per acre.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.037 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".