Bibliographic record
Abstract
Michal Kalecki was born on 22 June 1899 in Lodz, Poland, and died in Warsaw on 17 April 1970. His academic training was in engineering, and he was self-taught in economics, influenced by writers such as Marx and Rosa Luxemburg. He obtained his first quasi-academic employment in 1929 at the Research Institute of Business Cycles and Prices in Warsaw, where his work involved the study of business cycles and the preparation of reports on specific industries. A Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship allowed him in 1936 to study abroad in Sweden and then England, where he remained for the next ten years; during the Second World War he was employed at the Oxford University Institute of Statistics. After work for the International Labour Office in Montreal, Canada, in 1945 and 1946, Kalecki was appointed at the end of 1946 as deputy director of a section of the economics department of the United Nations secretariat in New York. In that job, a major task was the preparation of the World Economic Reports . When a board of directors was appointed to exercise control over that Report , which he and others viewed as McCarthyite American involvement in the work of the UN, he resigned in protest.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".