Bibliographic record
Abstract
Health care expenditures form an ever-increasing burden in most developed countries. Between 1960 and 2002, expenditures as a percentage of GDP rose from 3.8 to 9.7 per cent in France, from 5.4 to 9.6 per cent in Canada, and from 4.9 to 11.2 per cent in Switzerland. (Crosscountry comparisons are hindered to some extent by the differential inclusion of components of health care and social services in different countries.) In the United States, health care expenditures are far greater; they accounted for 16.0 per cent of GDP in 2004 (a per capita expenditure of $6,280), up from 5.1 per cent of GDP in 1960. By themselves these increases, projected to rise to 20 per cent or more of GDP by 2015, suggest that health economics is a dynamic field of economic research, but the importance of the field is driven by far more than the costs of care.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".