Cyclic performance of pre-engineered beam-column connections for mass timber and hybrid mass timber-steel structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pre-engineered hanger connections are commonly used as beam-column connections in the gravity load carrying system of mass timber or hybrid timber-steel structures. While these connections are relied upon to transfer shear forces, they must also have sufficient rotation capacity to withstand a design-level earthquake without losing their load-carrying capacities. This study investigates the rotation capacities of two commonly used pre-engineered beam-column connections, including a bolt and collar style connection as well as an interlocking jaw connection. The influence of several parameters on the cyclic performance of the connectors are investigated, including the influence of gravity load, screw configuration, and the installation of two connectors side-by-side on the beam and column face. Furthermore, the cyclic behaviour of a series of connections with a steel column investigating the influence of weld configuration are also presented. Results of the study demonstrate that the bolt and collar consistently achieved maximum rotation capacity beyond 0.06 rad prior to losing their shear carrying capacity while the interlocking jaw connections achieved rotations above 0.08 rad without losing their shear carrying capacity. Placing two connectors in parallel did not change the rotation capacity of the connector. The weld configuration in timber-steel connections had an influence on rotational stiffness and maximum rotation capacity. Ultimately, all the tested connections met the rotation required to meet North American lateral drift limits. • Experiments on pre-engineered timber and timber-steel beam-column connections conducted under combined shear and cyclic rotation. • Influence of connection type, gravity loading, screw configuration, and multiple connectors placed side-by-side studied. • Interlocking jaw (Megant 430 ×150) and bolt and collar (Ricon 390 ×80) achieved maximum rotations beyond 0.06 rad. • Placing multiple bolt and collar connectors side-by-side on the beam/column face does not influence rotation capacity. • Welded bolt and collar connections achieved significant rotation capacities (>0.07 rad) but depends on weld configuration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".