Elimination of Arctic fox variant rabies from southern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The province of Ontario, Canada, experienced a major epizootic of rabies due to Arctic fox virus variant (AFVV) rabies beginning in northern Ontario in 1954. The disease quickly spread south in red fox ( Vulpes vulpes) populations and by 1958 was firmly established across southern Ontario. Between 1958 and the start of wildlife rabies control efforts in 1989, Ontario reported 49 125 AFVV rabies cases, averaging 1535 per year. Comprehensive research and subsequent campaigns to immunize wildlife using baits containing an oral rabies vaccine led to the elimination of AFVV from southeastern and southcentral Ontario. A primary host shift from red fox to striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis) hampered efforts to eliminate the virus in southwestern Ontario until a new oral rabies vaccine was developed that effectively immunized both species. Through persistent and adaptive research and rabies control programs over the past 30 years, AFVV appears to have been eliminated from southern Ontario, with the last case confirmed in December 2018. Here we report on the history of AFVV in Ontario and methods used to eliminate the disease in southern parts of the province.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".