Pushing Behavior in Ro‐Ro Passenger Ship Evacuations: A Social Force Model Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Passenger pushing behavior during emergency evacuations on roll‐on/roll‐off (Ro‐Ro) passenger ships is a critical yet overlooked factor in evacuation modeling. This study investigates the impact of pushing behavior on evacuation dynamics by employing an improved social force model (SFM) that integrates pushing forces and the ship’s inclination angle. Four evacuation scenarios are simulated to evaluate the impacts of pushing behavior and falling incidents. Results show that (1) moderate pushing can slightly shorten evacuation time without significantly increasing the risk of falling; (2) excessive pushing induces localized congestion, elevates the probability of falls, and ultimately prolongs evacuation time—under severe pushing conditions, total evacuation time increased by 45.4% compared with the no‐pushing baseline; and (3) ship inclination significantly affects passenger stability, particularly near exit bottlenecks and in narrow passages. The findings enhance the realism of evacuation simulations and provide practical insights for optimizing crowd management strategies on Ro‐Ro passenger ships.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".