<i>Rhododendron</i> spp. (Ericaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<i>Rhododendron </i>L. is one of the largest dicotyledonous plant genera in the world, represented by more than 1.000 species, most of which grow naturally in the Northern Hemisphere. Many species and cultivars are also grown commercially, as rhododendrons are widely used in landscaping in many parts of the world due to their overall showy appearance and beautiful flowers. The first written information about these plants dates back to 401 BC and gives information about the toxicity of rhododendron honey. <i>Rhododendron</i> species and their products, such as honey, Labrador tea, edible flowers, and some medicines used in folk medicine, are known to cause poisoning cases due to human consumption. Some rhododendrons are also poisonous to grazing animals. Toxicological studies on <i>Rhododendron</i> species have addressed clinical observations and identified toxic components. <i>Rhododendron</i> and honey poisoning have been reported to be primarily associated with lipid-soluble grayanotoxins. These compounds affect sodium channels in cell membranes and cause a number of neurological, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Grayanotoxins are found all over the plant, including flowers and nectar. Despite their toxic content and effects, rhododendrons and contaminated honey (mad honey) have been used in ancient systems of medicine, such as Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic Medicines, as well as in European and North American Folk Medicine. However, mad honey is mostly consumed in Nepal and Türkiye as a recreational and traditional medicine. This review aims to present a comprehensive report on the toxicity of the <i>Rhododendron</i> genus after presenting the general botanical and ethnobotanical features.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".