Temperature dependence of microwave resonances in saline aqueous spheres [Invited]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heating via the absorption of microwaves in water is the underlying physical mechanism of microwave food processing. Here we show that while bulk heating can contribute at all sizes and shapes, water’s high refractive index at 2.45 GHz means that resonant heating can also contribute—and perhaps even dominate—at particular shapes and sizes, modifying heating rates and internal field distributions. The temperature dependence of the dielectric susceptibility of water gives rise to an evolving resonant landscape as an aqueous object heats up. In water-laden spheres, these changes include shifts in the resonant conditions that can lead to self-tuning, where the system stabilizes on resonance, and/or thermal runaway, where the system steadily drifts away from resonance. Salt content likewise alters the dielectric properties of water, in terms of both absorption and refraction. High salinity, for example, both broadens and weakens the optical resonances, promoting more uniform heating rates across a range of sizes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".