Sexually transmissible infections affecting the gastrointestinal tract: what gastroenterologists and hepatologists need to know
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sexually transmissible gastrointestinal (enteric) infections cause oropharyngitis, hepatitis, enteritis, proctocolitis and anorectal disease, and can mimic neoplastic and inflammatory gastrointestinal disease. Sexually transmissible enteric infections are generally seen in men who have sex with men (MSM) due to sexual behaviours which risk faecal-oral transmission. Oropharyngeal and anorectal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are transmitted via direct inoculation from oral and anal sexual behaviours. Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli , Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica are recognised sexually transmissible enteric faeco-oral pathogens in MSM. Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (Syphilis), mpox and HSV cause sexually transmissible oropharyngeal and anorectal disease. Cryptosporidium, intestinal spirochaetosis , Blastocystis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Enterobius vermicularis and enteric viruses have infrequently been reported as sexually transmissible in MSM. Sexually transmissible enteric infections have increased in MSM over the past 35 years. Gastroenterologists and hepatologists do not generally enquire about sexual behaviours, but identifying sexually transmissible enteric infections is important due to high rates of bacterial antimicrobial resistance, and the additional management includes: bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility testing, testing for STIs/HIV, providing recommendations for sexual abstinence and partner notification; and onward referral to specialist sexual health clinics for sexual health prevention interventions. In this review, we highlight the STIs which can affect the gastrointestinal tract and provide some key management points for gastroenterologists and hepatologists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".