Nutritional strategies against skeletal muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia: the role of β-hydroxybutyrate and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that occurs in many cancers, particularly in their advanced stages, decreasing the quality of life and lifespan of patients. One of the hallmarks of cancer-associated cachexia is skeletal muscle wasting. Multiple causes include inflammation, metabolic deregulation, energy utilization, endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Loss of skeletal muscle is characterised by an imbalance in protein homeostasis, with decreased anabolism (regulated by the Akt/GSK3/eIF2α and Akt/mTORC1 pathways) and increased catabolism (regulated by autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system), as well as an impairment in myogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary intervention of β-hydroxybutyrate, the major ketone body produced by ketogenesis, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may mitigate skeletal muscle wasting. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate are able to favourably modulate inflammation, insulin resistance, unfolded protein response and stresses (such as metabolic stress and oxidative stress). A well-adapted nutritional strategy may include a "classic" diet supplemented with β-hydroxybutyrate and polyunsaturated fatty acids to maintain skeletal muscle integrity and reduce wasting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".