Fiber Hornification in Kraft Paper and its Degradation Rate in Different Insulating Liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the impact of hornification on oil-paper insulation systems by analyzing the chemical and dielectric properties of natural ester (NE) and bio-based mineral oil (BIO) impregnated papers dried at$105 - 150{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. FTIR analysis revealed that NE-impregnated paper exhibited greater stability, with minimal changes in the carbonyl and fingerprint regions even after 30 days of aging, while BIO showed reduced C-H intensity, indicating greater molecular degradation. Breakdown voltage (BDV) measurements remained stable across most conditions, except for a slight reduction in BIO with paper dried at 150° C, likely due to increased degradation and acidity. These results reveal the superior stability and compatibility of NE with paper even under different drying conditions, supporting its potential as a sustainable alternative to mineral oils in transformer insulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".