Fiber Hornification in Kraft Paper and its Degradation Rate in Different Insulating Liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the impact of hornification on oil-paper insulation systems by analyzing the chemical and dielectric properties of natural ester (NE) and bio-based mineral oil (BIO) impregnated papers dried at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$105 - 150{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$</tex>. FTIR analysis revealed that NE-impregnated paper exhibited greater stability, with minimal changes in the carbonyl and fingerprint regions even after 30 days of aging, while BIO showed reduced C-H intensity, indicating greater molecular degradation. Breakdown voltage (BDV) measurements remained stable across most conditions, except for a slight reduction in BIO with paper dried at 150° C, likely due to increased degradation and acidity. These results reveal the superior stability and compatibility of NE with paper even under different drying conditions, supporting its potential as a sustainable alternative to mineral oils in transformer insulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".