Urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum pelvic floor muscle exercise: a prospective study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the incidence of urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy and after delivery, perceptions of UI, effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) on UI, and risk factors for UI among pregnant women.Methods: Chinese women aged ≥18 years at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation were invited to participate.Perceptions of UI were assessed using a questionnaire that comprises seven statements.Urinary symptoms were assessed using the self-report six-item Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6).Women were considered to have UI when they had positive scores on any of the incontinence items.Women who reported to have UI symptoms were assessed by a physiotherapist in the postnatal ward and were taught PFME.UI impact on quality of life was assessed using the self-report seven-item Incontinence Impact Questionnaire.Participants with UI during pregnancy who delivered in our hospital were followed up at 6 weeks postnatally through telephone.Their adherence to PFME was assessed in terms of the mean number of contractions performed per day.Results: Of 1134 participants, the incidence of UI was 73.0% during pregnancy and 21.9% after delivery.Predictors for UI during pregnancy were a history of UI before pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]=14.40,p<0.001), higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (OR=1.04,p=0.034), and previous vaginal delivery (OR=2.06,p=0.001), whereas predictors for UI after delivery were vaginal delivery in the index pregnancy (OR=3.86,p<0.001), older age (OR=1.12,p<0.001), a history of UI before pregnancy (OR=1.86,p=0.028), and total score of items 2 to 4 on the UDI-6 during pregnancy (OR=1.20,p=0.015).86.4% of participants reported poor or no adherence to PFME.Adherence to postnatal PFME was not associated with UI after delivery (p=0.477).Women with higher education levels adhered more to PFME (p=0.008).Perceptions of UI were not associated with adherence to postnatal PFME.Conclusion: A history of pre-pregnancy UI is the main predictor for UI during pregnancy, whereas vaginal delivery is the main predictor for UI after delivery.The effect of postpartum PFME on UI after delivery is not significant, probably owing to the low rate of adherence to PFME.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".