Developments in reliability-based design for reinforced soil structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Much progress has been made to migrate from deterministic design approaches for mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall structures to (probabilistic) reliability-based design. The latter ensures that the margin of safety against not satisfying a particular limit state is expressed probabilistically. Deterministic factor-of-safety design, load and resistance factor design (LRFD) and partial factor approaches cannot provide the designer with the probability that a limit state is satisfied at time of design. A probabilistic approach provides a more nuanced appreciation of margins of safety in this regard. This extended abstract demonstrates the general approach using as examples the limit states associated with internal stability of geosynthetic MSE walls. An important feature of the general approach is a quantitative link to the deterministic factors of safety used in past practice. The same general approach can be applied to other cases such as reinforced fills over a void, and reinforced granular bases supporting a footing over soft foundations provided model bias statistics are available.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".