Bibliographic record
Abstract
The United Kingdom Since 1945: A Post-Imperial Nation is an economic and social history providing an appraisal of seventy-five years of British and Northern Irish history. The UK emerged from the Second World War victorious but impoverished. After a period of austerity, the UK participated in the boom in the international economy that continued from the 1950s until the 1970s. Harold Macmillan, the Conservative Party Prime Minister, famously told the electorate in 1957 that the country had ‘never had it so good’. With global decolonization, UK trade turned more to the European Economic Community (EEC) and less to the Commonwealth countries, with the UK joining the EEC and its successor the European Union, from 1973 until 2020. All four countries saw population growth, both from the birth rate and substantial net inward migration. But, as this volume argues, developments were not uncomplicated. The need for more housing, for example, was partly met by tower blocks, but some of these deteriorated after relatively short lives and were demolished, while others became sink estates. Urban change also saw the decline of shopping centres and small independent shops. In addition to examining this economic and social change, Chris Wrigley focuses on popular culture, from the growth in TV to developments in music and art, as well as the continued influences of declining entertainments like the music hall. The volume combines a focus on post-imperial features with a recognition of the long shadow cast by the Second World War. The United Kingdom Since 1945 is distinctive in its long timespan and its breadth of coverage, and is the perfect introduction for all readers interested in the complex contemporary history of this diverse nation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.109 | 0.068 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".