Christian Zionisms in historical depth and geographical breadth: a typology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The contribution contends that the longue durée of the Christian Zionist phenomenon, its geographical breadth, and its ideological diversity, suggest the need for a typology of Christian Zionisms, based on the plurality of motivations. As background to this, the contribution briefly portrays the lengthy history of restorationism/Christian Zionism in terms of its mutability, having evolved in stages determined by the relationship between the two major Christian expectations regarding the Jews: conversion to Christianity and restoration to Palestine. There have also been changing perceptions of enemies and allies, and a changing focus, from homeland to state to extent of territory. Regarding geographical expansion, the emphasis is on religious geography as the major determinant. Reasons are mooted for the overwhelmingly Protestant nature of CZ, and for its recent growth in the Global South. A typology is then presented, of seven ‘ideal types’ of CZ: prophetic, prosperity, covenantal, cultural, humanitarian, Islamophobic, and indigenous. The contribution concludes with remarks on the many surprises in the historical and geographical trajectory of CZ.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".