A day at the beach for everyone?: A race-based comparison of beach recreation patterns and participation constraints
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Outdoor recreation promotes wellbeing, yet research suggests racial minorities often are less likely to visit outdoor recreation sites. This two-part, mixed-methods study examined whether this phenomenon applies to beaches in South Carolina (SC), USA, and why it may be occurring. First, systematic observations were undertaken at four beaches to record various characteristics of beachgoers (N = 16,599). Compared to SC’s population, Whites generally were disproportionately more present amongst beachgoers, and Blacks disproportionately less present. Different racial groups also exhibited different usage patterns, such as Blacks and Latinos often visiting later in the day. Second, an online survey of SC residents (N = 680) found Blacks generally perceived the highest constraints to beach visitation, followed by Latinos, and then Whites. In particular, Blacks perceived constraints related to a lack of swimming ability, and Blacks and Latinos felt a lower sense of belonging at the beach. Various theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".