Eulerian and Lagrangian characterization of a high-amplitude convectively unstable shoaling internal solitary wave in two dimensions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract High-amplitude Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs), shoaling over a realistic transect of the gentle bathymetric slope in the South China Sea, are subject to subsurface convective instability (Umax > C), which, in conjunction with the near-surface shear structure of the baroclinic background current, supports the development of a subsurface recirculating core. Through this core and its dynamic evolution, ISWs act as key drivers of material and mass transport. Via the one-way online coupling of a high-resolution, fully nonlinear non-hydrostatic flow solver integrated with a high-accuracy particle-tracking scheme, two-dimensional simulations of a single propagating ISW are conducted. The interaction between the formation and dynamic evolution of the ISW’s convectively-driven recirculating core, its associated vortical structures, and the trajectories of neutrally buoyant particles are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on identifying the primary entrainment pathway along a negative-vorticity layer at the rear of the ISW, as well as secondary entrainment routes subsequently emerging from the top and bottom of the core. In contrast, detrainment is found to occur primarily through a narrow channel in the ISW rear. These features are corroborated by Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) analysis. The size and shape of the recirculating core are further examined using Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS), providing a complementary perspective to the classical Eulerian criterion based on Umax > C. Finally, long-range particle transport and residence times are quantified, reaching O(10 km) and durations on the order of hours, respectively, for a substantial fraction of entrained particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".