Observed Atmospheric 133Xe Concentrations in the Arctic and their relationship to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports on 133 Xe monitoring results from three Arctic stations from 2014 to 2019. The results show that the atmospheric surface monthly activity concentrations (MAC) and observation frequency (MOF) of 133 Xe in Arctic winter and spring are much higher than those observed sporadically in summer. The ratios of winter to summer average MAC, which reflects the degree of seasonal variation, were 6.4, 5.2, and 3.2 for Spitsbergen, Yellowknife, and Resolute, respectively. The average of MOF ratios also showed similar trends, with a more pronounced seasonal pattern in Spitsbergen, followed by Resolute and Yellowknife. Compared with the monthly NAO index for the same period, the temporal variation patterns of 133 Xe MAC at the three Arctic monitoring sites showed the highest similarity in Spitsbergen, followed by Resolute and Yellowknife. The linear regressions analysis of 133 Xe MAC and MOF at these Arctic stations showed that the R 2 values were highest between Resolute and Yellowknife stations (0.56 and 0.68 respectively); between Spitsbergen and Resolute stations (0.46 and 0.66 respectively); and lowest between Spitsbergen and Yellowknife (0.33 and 0.55 respectively). • Observed MAC of 133 Xe in the air at three Arctic stations exhibit a distinct seasonal variation. • This variation is similar to the NAO index, with NAO+ (or NAO-) causing westerly winds to shift (or not) toward the Arctic. • The result suggests that atmospheric 133 Xe activity is a good tracer of air exchange between the Arctic and lower latitudes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".