BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION IN CORN SNAKES (PANTHEROPHIS GUTTATUS) WITH ACUTE RENAL DISEASE INDUCED BY GENTAMICIN
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monitoring changes in reptile behavior has been proposed as a tool to assess health and welfare but has not yet been studied in snakes with renal disease. As part of a larger experimental trial in which acute renal tubular necrosis was induced in six adult corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) with gentamicin 50 mg/kg subcutaneously q24h for 11 days, we simultaneously conducted a thorough behavioral assessment. The goals of this study were to evaluate the behavioral, including postural, changes associated with the onset, and presence of renal insufficiency. Video recordings of each individual were collected over the trial course as the renal health status was confirmed by renal biopsy and biochemistry panels. Activity, posture, specific instantaneous behaviors (drinking, regurgitating, etc.), and preferred location in the terraria were assessed by two blinded observers using a behavioral software (ZooMonitor) with focal interval, continuous, and all-occurrence sampling for the various parameters. The postural behaviors evaluated included curled, semi-curled (<50% body rectilinear), and rectilinear body positions. Mixed linear models were used with the posture as an independent variable, time as a dependent variable, and the individual snake and observer as random variables. Semi-curled body position was more prevalent (P = 0.01) in individuals with renal insufficiency compared to baseline. A curled body position was more prevalent (P = 0.0004) at baseline (mean: 27% time) than after the induction of renal pathology (mean: 14% time). Over time, the delay to feeding increased in each snake, and all snakes eventually became anorexic. Snake location in the terrarium and activity levels did not change significantly over time. In conclusion, colubrids display several significant and observable behavioral changes associated with renal disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".