Direct Extraction and Ionization of Intact Proteins from Aqueous Environment Using Desorption by Impulsive Vibrational Excitation.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The molecular analysis of proteins and their complexes directly from aqueous environment using mass spectrometry (MS) remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate the direct extraction and ionization of intact proteins (ubiquitin and the tetrameric beta-galactosidase complex) from pure aqueous environment using Ionization via Desorption by Impulsive Vibrational Excitation (I-DIVE). We show that this process, when coupled directly to MS, produces intact gas-phase ions of proteins with charge states beyond the lower limit of native electrospray ionization MS. We propose a new mechanism for charge state formation under aqueous conditions via laser-induced proton liberation. Driven by the transient superheating and heat-induced proton release of water, this mechanism exploits the temperature pH dependence of water as a source of protonation for gas-phase detection and characterization of biological macromolecules and their assemblies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".